Marketing Strategy and Implementation Plan Essay

Marketing Strategy and Implementation Plan - Essay Example This essay describes the Absorb Rite Tissues and Towels, Inc. company, that is a successful manufacturer of dairy paper products, enjoying for many years the loyalty of its customers. Competing in the private labels industry for many years, the company is currently facing a down-ward slope in its sales and overall profits due to the shift in customer (retailers) demands. The emergence and development of grocery and super store chains have ultimately pushed prices down; a fact that has caused a lot of pressure to Absorb Rite as it merely produces ‘on the line’ of breaking even. In addition to that, a loss of some of the major clients has considerably further reduced the profits gained. The company has been focusing on manufacturing an innovative product that has a dual utility; the products have already gone through the R&D department and have been tested to sample markets with positive feedback and reviews. The overall strategy of Absorb Rite Tissues and Towels, Inc. sho uld be directed towards marketing and promoting the innovative new products that have already been designed in the R&D department and researched in test markets. To this extend, Absorb Rite needs to redirect its strategy and objectives towards promoting this new line and eventually penetrating the market while capturing largest portions of the market. This marketing plan effectively offers a complete action plan for the necessary activities that need to be implemented towards restoring the position of the firm and increasing total sales.

Easy Rider :: essays research papers

Numerous works of art have been produced by great American artist. "The Crucible" by Arthur Miller and Edith Wharton’s "Roman Fever" are two stories that can easily be compared and contrasted to the movie Easy Rider. Easy Rider is the 1960’s "Road Film" tale of a search for freedom in a corrupt and conformist America. "The Crucible" can relate to the world seen in Easy Rider. Unlike "The Crucible" Edith Wharton’s "Roman Fever" would not understand the world represented in Easy Rider. In the movie Easy Rider Jack Nicholoson’s character George Hanson comes in contact with two long-haired social misfits Wyatt and Billy. Wyatt and Billy are different from George and are accustomed to an alternative lifestyle. This alternative lifestyle is appealing to George and he decides to travel with his new friends as they journey to Mardi Gras in New Orleans. Along the way the trio run in to trouble. They travel through a small American town and the local townspeople who do no like them because of their appearance. Later on, the three men are attacked by the townspeople and George is brutally beaten to death. This is very similar to the executions that took place in The Crucible. In The Crucible, many people were accused of being witches and worshipping the devil even though they were not. An example of this would be John Proctor. He was accused of devil worship because he was singled out by his peers who were looking for someone to blame. Much like George, John was an innocent man who died because an enraged group of people let there emotions get the best of them. John could sympathize with George because of the similarity of the injustice done to both of them. In the short story "Roman Fever," the characters Mrs. Ansley and Mrs. Slade are two wealthy widows that are reflecting on their lives together. We see that they are people of a high social standing. They talk about their pampered lifestyles and plan for their daughters futures. These woman would not understand the life of a "hippie" living in 1960’s America, nor would they approve. Wyatt and Billy were used to living on the open road and going where the wind takes them. They were rebellious and completely carefree. Mrs. Ansley and Mrs.

The Problem Of Transnational Crime And Globalization Economics Essay

Over the class of human history the universe has proven to be a dynamic of all time germinating topographic point with changeless fluctuations in governmental signifier and political power. As humanity has shifted from the babyhood of civilisation to the most complex signifiers of authorities and political relations at that place has ever been a common complaint blighting their stableness, offense. With the origin of regulations there were instinctively people who sought to interrupt those regulations. The relationship between civilisation and offense is a complex and intricate issue. As civilisation raises the saloon in acceptable behaviour offense expands reciprocally to the new sum of limitations. An first-class illustration of the dynamic growing of offense is best scene in the development of multinational offense. Born from merely smuggling common points in a high duty environment, multinational offense has expanded into an luxuriant system of illicit trade, smuggling and drug dealing. Condemnable justness bureaus have struggled to maintain gait with this exponential addition in multinational offense, but they are hindered by built-in administrative and direction issues, viz. the mutualist nature of multinational offense and condemnable justness bureaus and the bureaucratic nature of condemnable justness organisations. The Situation Transnational offense has existed since the birth of autonomous states. With the separation of states there arose a possible market for goods and necessarily there arose those who would prehend a possible net income market. In its babyhood multinational offense chiefly consisted of the transit of legal goods through illegal channels to avoid high duties. There were of class other fluctuations, but for the most portion multinational offense was defined by the smuggling of common things such as salt and other basic demands. The first displacement to happen in footings of multinational offense came with the lessening in duties. To advance greater trade and more import and export, many authoritiess lowered trade limitations and duties. With the lowering of duties the market for common goods shrank vastly. There was still a demand for such things a salt, but now they could be provided lawfully for a really low monetary value, a monetary value low plenty to cut profoundly into the net income border of smuggling. With this cut into the bottom line runners were forced to spread out into new and other underrepresented fluctuations of illicit trade. One such fluctuation was the signifier most normally represented today by the multinational offense market, the smuggling of prohibited goods across international boundary lines. In truth all international offense is, in some signifier or another, a discrepancy of smuggling. Be it arms, money, people, or information, conveying a forbidden point across international boundary lines is smuggling. This fact exploded with the origin of globalisation which represented the biggest blessing to transnational offense since the creative activity of boundary lines. The conveyance of illicit goods across boundary lines became a much more complex and profitable thing with the spread of globalisation. As defined by Merriam Webster lexicon, globalisation is: the act or procedure of globalizing: the province of being globalized ; particularly: the development of an progressively incorporate planetary economic system marked particularly by free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labour markets. Globalization has been marked by an exponential addition of engineering and loosened trade limitations that have drastically increased the mutuality between autonomous authoritiess. This mutuality has reciprocated and furthered the spread of globalisation as more states portion more cognition, wealth and chances. The Problem The important defect with the spread of globalisation is the elitism of the system. Whereas first universe states find the spread of globalisation a blessing to their economic system and position, 2nd and 3rd universe states have small to gain from the legal side of globalisation. As a consequence many less industrialised states turn to the illicit market to vie with their more industrialised rivals. The spread of globalisation serves many positive maps, but it is inherently tied to multinational offense. The simplest manner to explicate the relationship between multinational offense and globalisation is that one facilitates the other, i.e. globalisation helps to ease the growing and enlargement of multinational offense. Taken from chapter four of Transnational Crime in the Americas, Peter Andreas sums up the construct magnificently. â€Å" Governments face an progressively awkward but ineluctable quandary: policy steps that facilitate the flow of legal trade-improved transit systems, deregulating of transportation, denationalization of ports, and so on-also accidentally facilitate illegal trade. † This is the sad truth about the nature of globalisation and the effects it has on multinational offense. While there does be another option, to decelerate the growing of globalisation thereby impeding the advancement of multinational offense, this option is a failed program about from the oncoming. Moises Naim makes a really clear point on why it would be impossible to hinder the gro wing of globalisation in chapter 11 of his book. â€Å" History and common sense say that, in the long tally, market forces tend to predominate over those of authoritiess. † What this means is that, with the market presently focused on growing and multinational mutuality, authorities interceding will be countered in malice of the fact that that this market focal point is bolstering multinational offense. Globalization has served to increase both the legal and the illicit side of trade in many ways. One of the first is the exponential addition of engineering. As engineering increases the avenues upon which trade can happen addition. As an illustration consider transportation. A millenary ago smuggling was alive and prospering, yet ocean trips by see took months and the potency for lading to be damaged or destroyed in so much clip was high. As of today though, travel by ship is both faster and much more secure. To foster the analogy, the origin of aeroplanes revolutionized trade, illicit and legal. Even the steam engine revolutionized overland travel. Another avenue through which trade has prospered is the promotion of communications. While simply another facet of the engineering roar, communications have exhaustively revolutionized international trade and multinational offense to the extent that is has created wholly new signifiers of trade and offense. With the birth of the cyberspace and e-mail the inundation Gatess have been opened for trade. With eBay it is now possible to order a Peruvian rain stick from a place in Vancouver and have it delivered to the receiver in London as a birthday gift. Inversely, it is besides now possible to put a petition for a amount of illicit goods to be delivered by manner of an anon. electronic mail history without the two felons behind the enterprise of all time holding the demand to run into. The Possibilities There exist two chief political orientations of idea refering the proliferation of modern-day multinational offense. The two trains of idea are the â€Å" asymmetrical battle theory † and the â€Å" mutuality theory † put Forth by Moises Naim and Peter Andreas, severally. The two theories differ greatly in position refering the rise of multinational offense, but both writers present relevant and convincing statements for each instance. Moises Naim presents the thought that authoritiess are neglecting in the battle against multinational illicit trade due to the asymmetrical nature of the organisations in competition. Moises rapidly lists the rivals as governmental entities versus organized offense webs and bases the Southern Cross of his statement in the very nature of a bureaucratism versus that of a web. Harmonizing to Naim, all bureaucratisms tend to exhibit the same four key traits that limit their ability to vie against a net work. The first cardinal characteristic is that bureaucratisms tend to be really structured doing communicating between units non portion of the same perpendicular line of bid really hard. In comparing, webs are a loose group of single cells and that allows for rapid decision-making and alteration. The 2nd point that Naim makes is that authorities bureaus have to work within the restraints of a budget. Not merely that, but they have to get the budget which redirects manpower and concentrate from the arguably more major issue of contending the felons. Against this, webs draw their resources from their patronage, intending that financess are virtually illimitable depending on what is supplied and to whom. Continuing on, Naim draws attending to the political and legal bounds that authorities bureaus must work within, while illicit bargainers can work within the restraints of the jurisprudence when the demand suits them, but they besides have the option to work outside of the jurisprudence, which provides more manoeuvrability. Ironically, there is a really disposed quotation mark to sum up this thought taken from Transnational Crime in the America. â€Å" aˆÂ ¦if you play by the regulations and I can rip off a small, I get the benefit of both the regulations and my cheating. † Naim ‘s concluding point is the trouble authoritiess have working outside their ain boundary lines due to the limited authorization, linguistic communication issues and all the other jobs that accompany being in a foreign state. Against this, webs tend to be as comfy abroad as they are at place and even place is get downing to hold a looser definition to webs. The opposing theory to this is the dependence theory put away by Peter Andreas. Andreas describes the self-contradictory nature of the state/smuggler relationship get downing his point on the most obvious issue, runners depend on province Torahs for their being. This thought seems simple, but is genuinely instead profound. Andreas quotes Adam Smith about this. â€Å" A runner is a individual who, although no uncertainty blamable for go againsting the Torahs of the state, is often incapable of go againsting those of natural justness, and would hold been, in every regard, an first-class citizen had non the Torahs of his state made that a offense which ne'er meant to be so. † The fact here is that the Torahs put forth by authoritiess form the footing of the full entrepreneurship of smuggling. Andreas goes on to mention the corruptness and payoffs that ease the force per unit area runners face, and how these under the tabular array payments map as a type of illicit income revenue enhancement. This thought is besides expanded upon in that there are some countries of the universe where illicit trade forms the anchor upon which full economic systems are based. Much of Latin America can be referred to as narco-states ; in that, the greatest export they produce is narcotics. Furthermore, the same can be said for some parts of Southeast Asia. Mexico ‘s 3rd highest gross is remittal from Mexicans smuggled into the U.S. In the face of this, what ground do many topographic points have to check down on illicit trade? Furthermore, is it ethically sound to destruct the fiscal base of some states for any ground? Beyond corruptness, there is besides the fact that the money controlled by runners frequently enters the control of the province through legal channels. One such method is plus forfeitures Torahs. In add-on, much of the illicit goods that enter the state are for the really citizens whose revenue enhancements support a system that is opposed to the really goods they desire. There is besides the fact that much of the information the province has on runners is, in fact, recovered from other runners. Finally, what is arguably the most affecting ground behind the mutuality theory ; it is the really continuity of smuggling ( and the perceptual experience of it as a turning menace ) that is the most important for prolonging and spread outing jurisprudence enforcement. Examined more elaborately, this is could perchance be the footing upon which the remainder of the mutuality theory remainders. The Inference In the face of these two opposing point of views it seems that the mutuality theory holds greater weight. While there is an obvious asymmetrical nature to the battle between authoritiess and organized condemnable webs, the grounds does non back up the difference being that belittling. The current construction of bureaucratisms has managed some really important victory over organized offense. The job that is frequently cited is that even if one cell of the web is shut down another is ready to take over. While this statement seems to back up the asymmetrical theory, the inquiry remains, how are these displacements of power so easy? The mutuality between the province and the illicit trade webs allows for the easy displacement in power. It is easy to state that there is ever person waiting in the wings, but where do they get down to reform the lost connexions of the old mediator? Some corrupt functionaries must willing seek out, or readily accept, new participants to go on the concern of corruptness. If there were a crackdown on corruptness, illicit bargainers would bear much of the political force per unit area they are presently protected from. In add-on, if the construction of bureaucratisms is such a booby trap in the battle against illicit trade, why is at that place merely non a reorganisation of bureaucratisms? This deficiency of alteration could besides be attributed to the mutuality between the province and illicit trade. The current system works to stem some of the flow of illicit trade, but does non, can non halt it wholly. The necessary bond between the province and illicit trade is what keeps this blemished system in charge as a type of via media between what should be done about illicit trade and what is being done. Interdependency stands as the Southern Cross of the issues with the conflict between authoritiess and multinational offense. Equally long as there is such a strong bond between the two forces at that place will ne'er be any important advancement made on the forepart of multinational offense. And yes, while the asymmetrical nature of the battle between bureaucratisms and webs is an issue, it is non the major issue and may even stand for another facet of the job with mutuality. The Decision Ultimately, this weakness in the war on multinational offense is a direct representation to the weakness in the disposal of condemnable justness Fieldss. Whether there is more acceptance to the mutuality theory or the asymmetrical battle theory, both theories posit that there is an built-in weakness in the direction of the regulating organic structures of condemnable justness. Without some kind of elaborate scrutiny and re-haul off the system there can non be any existent alteration in the struggle between condemnable justness bureaus and multinational offense. Globalization is a existent and dynamic thing that is presently reshaping the class of universe history. However, with all of the good that this entails, there is besides much negative. As globalisation forces lowered trade limitations, increased transit locales, and deregulating of transporting to foster the ends of multinational mutuality, these same actions have served to ease the growing and worth of the multinational offense market. To antagonize this there must be a alteration in the direction of the condemnable justness bureaus dedicated to forestalling this. Without such a alteration there can ne'er be a decisive triumph on the multinational offense forepart.

English literature Essay

For Locke, all knowledge comes exclusively through experience. He argues that at birth the mind is a tabula rasa, or blank slate, that humans fill with ideas as they experience the world through the five senses. Locke defines knowledge as the connection and agreement, or disagreement and repugnancy, of the ideas humans form. From this definition it follows that our knowledge does not extend beyond the scope of human ideas. In fact, it would mean that our knowledge is even narrower than this description implies, because the connection between most simple human ideas is unknown. Because ideas are limited by experience, and we cannot possibly experience everything that exists in the world, our knowledge is further compromised. However, Locke asserts that though our knowledge is necessarily limited in these ways, we can still be certain of some things. For example, we have an intuitive and immediate knowledge of our own existence, even if we are ignorant of the metaphysical essence of our souls. We also have a demonstrative knowledge of God’s existence, though our understanding cannot fully comprehend who or what he is. We know other things through sensation. We know that our ideas correspond to external realities because the mind cannot invent such things without experience. A blind man, for example, would not be able to form a concept of colour. Therefore, those of us who have sight can reason that since we do perceive colours, they must exist.

buy custom University Education essay

buy custom University Education essay People have always disagreed on the importance and relevance of university education. Some people argue that this education had meaning in the past, but it has lost meaning in the recent years. Those against tertiary education say that the education exposes students to unfair competition, which may discourage the students, who are bright. Others believe that the world is evolving and that a different system of education should be introduced. However, the fact remains that this education is particularly vital since the learners learn a lot from it. It exposes students to a different world from which they used to know. This exposure helps them to become self reliant, and it prepares them for future life. This education also enables them to choose their careers, which they rely on in their whole life. Discussion Secondary students should not view university as only a different level in the learning process. Rather, they should consider it as a component of human development, which is valuable. Tertiary education does not only provide skills, required in the labor market, at a higher level. University education provides essential training for doctors, lawyers, nurses, engineers, civil servants, humanists, scientists, entrepreneurs, social scientists, and other relevant personnel. The mentioned individuals provide necessary analytical skills that help in driving the economies. They also make certain vital decisions within the society. In todays world, people should have the necessary education given the effects of globalization, importance of knowledge to sphere head growth, and the revolution regarding Information, Communication Technology (ICT) revolution. The demand for educated labour is being reconfigured by technology, KPDS DS A + PLUS English's. We all know that gaining knowledge and applying that knowledge in the field is necessary for economic development. Without knowledge, a country would suffer from lack of competitive advantage, which is essential for any global economy. It is also appealing that access to computers has become easy. The cost of telecommunication has also gone down, hence affordable to many. People, therefore, should not give any excuse for not accessing university education, and acquiring skills. A World Bank study, done recently, indicates that a world economy, which is inclusive, can be created though growth and poverty eradication. This can only be possible if many people agreed to acquire higher education by joining colleges and universities and colleges of higher learning. This study took place in two developing countries, which integrated themselves into the global economy. These countries having participated in higher learning, experienced reduced poverty, improved health services, improved economic growth, increase the average wage, increased Growth Domestic Product (GDP). These countries recorded the highest education levels in world rankings. Studies also show that tertiary education helps to promote social cohesion, which is necessary for economic growth and development. The education plays a role in institutions building, bringing up favorable governance structures and constructing proper regulatory frameworks. A person will not have a comfortable life without a g ood education, which many consider, to be university education (Newton, 2002). University education can be said to be a requirement, which is unique to make life comfortable. It may not be a basic requirement, but given the current competition, one should have it to lead a comfortable life. In this case, we can say that higher education should include both college and university education. With tertiary education, an individual can secure himself a decent job. Obtaining a post secondary Credential qualifications are tightly correlated with earnings, said David Autor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). With a good job, it means one will be earning a reasonable salary, which will make him afford the necessities in life as well as the luxuries. People who have attended a university tend to gain skills that help them when they leave school. They become more mature than those who are secondary school dropouts, perhaps because of the life they lead while at the campus. The many assignments and research work given to them also play a vital role in shaping th eir lives. They are able to research on their own without the help of a teacher, and this helps them to become knowledgeable. University education, for example, helps people to improve their social status by improving job prospects. Some other people attend a university, to develop their character and knowledge, which they did not have previously. This leads to self-improvement. In the university, individuals are able to specialize, say sciences or even arts. These areas are further specialized into specific areas. For example, a person can go to a university with an aim of studying science. He may further specialize be picking a unit such as Biology, and that becomes his area of specialization. Earning a title such as a doctor, a teacher or any other title makes some people feel proud ofthemselves. This gives them a respectable social status. Some other individuals go for higher learning, simply to help humankind, having gained enough knowledge. These are the people, whose certain careers make their passion. Some other individuals will dedicate their lives to doing research at the university. This research helps them to come up with things not known initially. For example, a researcher may come up with a cure for a deadly disease such as Aids after doing research. An individual can view the word in a rational manner by gaining tertiary education. Ignorance becomes eliminated through higher education and many mysteries get resolved also through education. Once an individual gets university education, he can see the facts that are there in life. It is crucial to note that it is not all individuals, who are lucky enough to have tertiary education. Such people should get online tertiary education, which currently available. Distance learning is also an option to those people who want to pursue tertiary education. Through the advancement of technology, many colleges and universities offer various course online and, in fact, many people can access them so long as they have access to the internet. The world today is constantly changing, and a lot will be expected from the citizens since world demands have also increased. People should not feel that they spend a lot on education since money cannot be compared with what we get through education. The course is a lifetime thing, and with tertiary education, people can be capable of taking home more money than if they did not get the education. Competition is also a challenge. Nowadays almost everyone from secondary school is joining either a college or a university. Without either of education, an individual will not be able to compete competitively with other people (Fabbris, 2009). With a higher education, a person will get a decent job, hence considerable money. In an educational meeting at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Thomas Malone said, Many students are now enrolling for higher education. University education enables people to increase their earning potential. For example, a judge earns much money and cannot be compared with an individual who did not receive tertiary education. Earning money, in deed, is the basic thing as to why people prefer to go to a tertiary school. All of us would love to be employed some day in a strong position where they will be earning some large sum of money. Was it not for money many people would not attend tertiary schools; leaving a lone primary and secondary schools. Students who have never paid bill may never know how powerful money is, but their parents should take the responsibility to explain to them. However, money should not be the sole motivator when it comes to choosing careers. We should go to the field tha t we love most, and that way we would become proficient, efficient, and reliable employees or workers (Eugene Holsworth 2010). University education is also beneficial as it helps individuals to have the best insurance. Insurance in this case means that one will have a competitive edge as compared to those who did not attend a tertiary school. The best employments opportunities always go to those will higher education, such as college or university education. In the job advertisements, which we see in the newspapers or on the internet, they always ask for such qualifications. Therefore, if one does not have such qualifications, as required by the company, he does not get the job opportunity. Nowadays, employers want employees who have rounded skills and qualifications. In fact, currently skills prevail over experience. Tertiary education exposes students to several principles and ideas, and this exposure is what employers want when undergoing the recruitment process. Once a person gets tertiary education, he gains confidence, and especially, self-confidence. Students with this education, and who have gained self-confidence tend to believe in themselves, and prove more efficient in their work. This confidence helps them at both the personal level, as well as the professional level. A person with confidence will be able to get out there, and look for a job. Such a person will also be able to do other thorough job when given the chance. Companies are nowadays looking for employees who will do work with little supervision. Such a person must have self confidence. Tertiary education is, therefore, necessary. When an individual proves that he has confidence, the company will automatically pick him, and retain him in that job through giving him right remuneration. According to Washburn, 2005, University learning is the best way to prepare students to flourish in a globalized world. Students outlook becomes improved when a person attends a university or a college. Apart from receiving the degree, an individual leaves university with characters that are crucial in day to day activities. For example, most university alumni are able to relate with their job colleagues because of the exposure given to them while at the university. In the university, they meeet people from different countries, regions, and people with different background and culture. Within the four years at the university, they learn how to cope with these diverse groups of people. Virtues such as honesty, compassion, empathy, and sympathy get acquired while in the college or at the university. Individuals who posses these virtues are always able to relate with other people, hence advantageous relations in the workplace or elsewhere. An important point to note is that university education should be given to both men and women. Now that, women have understood the role of education, nowadays they are joining even courses such as Engineering, previously associated with men. According to Chronicle of higher education, A university education is still a prerequisite for entering some of the great guilds, such as medicine and law. We also have women who are politicians, prime ministers, computer scientist, among others. When women receive university education they become helpful people in the society. They become able to provide for the family lightening the burden on their husbands. Women who have acquired university education are usually self-reliant. They can make their own decisions and are able to fight for their rights, since they know them. This leads to women empowerment. When everyone gets a chance to receive higher education, the society shall become a changed one because people will not be ignorant. The fight against social inequalities that exist in society is only possible through the achievement of equality in access to higher education. University education is practical in most countries. The practical nature of education exposes students to real life issues, which they learn how to handle themselves. Access to university education should not be based on cost. Some students are bright, but they end up not accessing the education because of its affordability. Some people view this as discrimination. To study in a reputable university such as Harvard University, one must invest a lot of money in education. This money is not always available especially to the poor. This leads to wasting a potential student, who would have become a key person in the future. Governments should get measures to ensure that whoever gets university entry qualification, in deed, joins a university of his choice. The governments should find a way of subsidizing education in such institutions. One of the ways to solve the problem of cost is to set up such institutions in almost each continent and review the criteria for admission in to such institutions. For example, loans, which are refundable after getting a job, should be offered to the needy students. The governments should fund the public universities to ensure that students get admission without straining their parents so much. Conclusion It is noteworthy that individuals understand the importance of this education even though some people argue that university education is not necessary. The education can termed as expensive, but the benefits reaped after the four years cannot be compared with the fees paid to acquire the university degree. From the discussion above, it is crystal clear that a person cannot secure formal employment opportunities without either college education or university education. All the companies look for skills and knowledge, which can only be acquired through joining an institute of higher learning. University education also shapes individuals by making them responsible people. Once a nation gets responsible individuals, growth and development of such a nation becomes positive. The level of unemployment drops and the level poverty goes down, as well. When people get a university education, they rarely engage in criminal activities. Reduction of crime rate is helpful in encouraging investment, in a country.This is because the investors will not be insecure fearing that their businesses may be robbed leading to losses. University education should be open to all people; the poor and the rich, the old and the young, and men and women. All people have equal capabilities in terms of learning. The researcher also established that some poor people are not able to access university or college education because of the high costs involved. The government, therefore, should fund the public universities. Poor, bright students should be given scholarships by the government and private bodies. This would help to ensure education to everyone. For the average income earners who also find that university education is expensive, they should enroll for online programs, which are a bit cheaper as compared to regular classes. The advancing technology and global changes mean that higher education to students should be emphasized. Computers are changing day after day and now that their use is everywhere; in the hospitals, offices, schools, among other places, people need university education to operate such machines. Research also needs to be done, and for an individual to research on something, he must have higher education, especially from a recognized university. The importance of university education ought to be emphasized to everyone. Buy custom University Education essay

Malaysia Unemployment Rate Essay Example

Malaysia Unemployment Rate Essay Example Malaysia Unemployment Rate Essay Malaysia Unemployment Rate Essay An unemployed individual is one who is able and willing to work yet is unable to happen a occupation. Unemployment rate is the figure of people officially unemployed divided by the labour force. Official unemployment steps those over the age of 16 who are able for employment. but are unable to obtain a occupation. The labour force is the figure of people over the age of 16 who are either employed or unemployed. In twelvemonth 2005. unemployment rate in Malaysia ( 3. 0 % ) higher than unemployment rate in Cambodia ( 2. 5 % ) . Malaysia is a Eden for occupation searchers who are non so peculiar on what occupation is available. Equally long as there is a occupation. they will merely take it. The fact is true for aliens particularly from Indonesia. Philippines. Bangladesh. China and many more. With their presence. the field of occupation market in Malaysia is going more competitory. This is because employers prefer to engage these foreigner instead than Malayan due to the comparatively inexpensive labour cost and easier to pull off. That is why graduate Malaysian who is holding consecutive A’s is no longer to procure a occupation or to give one a competitory border in calling promotion. Unemployment rate in Malaysia additions to 3. 6 % while Cambodia remains the same which is 2. 5 % in twelvemonth 2006. Another lending factor of higher unemployment rate in Malaysia is due to occupation fiting. Even though there is over 300 thousand of alumnus Malaysian from university or college come ining the occupation market in 2006. the competence of these alumnuss is still a concern where their making and experiences can non straight fit the demands of the employers. Alumnus might taking the incorrect class or with the hapless consequence. Nowadays. the employer will engage the worker who had a batch of experient one. In Malaysia. the private sector today is non interested in enrolling local alumnuss because they lack of indispensable accomplishments. such as proficiency in English. a deficiency of ICT proficiency and interpersonal accomplishment. This leads to appears to be spreads between what employers require and what accomplishments alumnuss have. Graduates themselves have to recognize that they need to accommodate to the demands and wants of their hereafter employers. In twelvemonth 2007. the unemployment rate in Cambodia still remains changeless which is 2. 5 % . Unemployment rate in Malaysia had decreased to 3. 5 % . The unemployment rate in Cambodia does non diminish and remains changeless in three old ages started from 2005 until 2007. The first cause is poverty. Most of the Cambodia citizens are hapless. that is why they can non direct their kids to school. Children will be deficiency of cognition. accomplishments and making. As a consequence. it will be hard for them to happen a occupation. Besides. with the hapless quality of instruction system in Cambodia. schools can bring forth merely non-quality human resources. With the limited figure of university. there is no warrant that all calibrated pupils will happen occupation which relevant to them because merely people with quality are selected to work. The unemployment rate in Cambodia is 3. 5 % in twelvemonth 2008 is greater than in Malaysia. 3. 2 % . The unemployment rate in Cambodia all of a sudden increased 1. 0 % from twelvemonth 2007 to 2008. This happened due to the occupation chance. Since Cambodia is little and hapless. it is non good plenty to pull foreign investor. In this instance. merely little Numberss of occupation chances are available for the remainder of population. Furthermore. this cause might due to miss of encouragement from authorities in the investing clime. In add-on. the development of engineering is another ground why unemployment rate in Cambodia increased. With the advantages of utilizing machinery in their mill. some proprietors have dismissed their workers. Therefore. many people all of a sudden lose their occupation. This helps nil but to increase unemployment rate higher and higher. In twelvemonth 2009. the unemployment rate in Cambodia remains the same as the twelvemonth of 2008. 3. 5 % while there is an addition in Malaysia unemployment rate which is 3. 3 % . Even though there are many occupation chances in Malaysia. the unemployment rate among Malayan are additions. Obviously the ground lending this factor is due to the universe economic system meltdown. Malaysia is a developing state which to the full relies on foreign direct investing ( FDI ) particularly from states such as Americas. Japan and Europe. Most of these FDI are into the fabrication sector. Many major transnational companies ( MNC ) in Malaysia have announced layoff programs including mill and office closures to extenuate the impact of the economic lag. With the presence of fabrication of MNC in Malaysia are important. the layoff programs contributed to the addition of the unemployment rate.

Voter - to Vote - French Verb Conjugations

Voter - to Vote - French Verb Conjugations The  French verb  voter  means to vote. Use the tables below to find conjugations of this regular -er verb. Conjugations of Voter Present Future Imperfect Present participle je vote voterai votais votant tu votes voteras votais il vote votera votait nous votons voterons votions vous votez voterez votiez ils votent voteront votaient Pass compos Auxiliary verb avoir Past participle vot Subjunctive Conditional Pass simple Imperfect subjunctive je vote voterais votai votasse tu votes voterais votas votasses il vote voterait vota vott nous votions voterions votmes votassions vous votiez voteriez vottes votassiez ils votent voteraient votrent votassent Imperative (tu) vote (nous) votons (vous) votez Verb conjugation pattern Voter is a regular -ER verb

Introduction to the Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Introduction to the Humanities - Essay Example ulation of human emotion as well as the emphasis on the unnatural aspect of religious center figures such as the Virgin Mary shows Byzantine influence. In addition, realism began to be noticed in the paintings of the artists. Many paintings before had merely schemed through the outlines of works of art thus rendering them as crude works of art. The use of color and lines was applied to lend volume to works of art. Even though their was noticeable improvement, some characteristics of medieval theology such as the inclusion of radiance lingered. The painter Giotto di Bondone created works that made a study of human emotion and individuality that had not been experimented with before. Artists tended to give their divinely inspired paintings uncoordinated shapes such as extended necks to add onto their supernatural appearances. Long hands with extraordinarily long and extended fingers and grim expressions were also used to signify the importance of the subject being painted. Fresco painting where water supported dyes and tints were placed on recently applied plaster on wall planes. In order to bring about the production of the most durable quality, successive coats of plaster would be applied on the walls and then allowed to set and dry. The artist would trace the design of the figures that he intended to create on the drying wall after which a final smooth coating of plaster was then put on the wall, in a method where the outlines of the artist’s designs were clearly visible and could be worked upon. When the artist finally applied the paint, the tints would fuse with the sand particles giving them permanence and resistance to aging since they were transformed to being a part of the wall and not just its outer layer (Bishop, 2010). To avoid making mistakes with his outline, the painter had to work quickly while the wall was still wet. What especially set apart the artists like Giotto from their contemporaries was the freedom of expression that they portrayed in

The presence of the current financial crises has made investors more Essay

The presence of the current financial crises has made investors more determined in handling excess remunerations - Essay Example Introduction A vote against remuneration is significant if it receives less than 75 percent of the shareholders support. Thus, votes have been on the use recently in protesting against pay increases that are insufficiently linked to performance. For instance, Section D of the U.K corporate governance code sets out remuneration guidelines for both the executive and non-executive directors. According Tricker (2012) section D.1, â€Å"the remuneration should be sufficient enough to motivate and attract directors, but a company should avoid paying more than is necessary for this purpose. A significant proportion of the executive director’s remuneration should be structured so as to link rewards to corporate and individual performance.† Section D.1.4 of the U.K corporate governance states that it is the responsibility of the remuneration committee to consider compensation commitments of their directors in the event of early termination. MM & K report is recent and its releas e fueled investor’s activism in fighting against pay rise. The report revealed that the medium total pay rise for FTSE 100 CEOs is 10 percent and one quarter of the CEOs in this index had 41 percent increment on their pay. Research indicates that the size of pay that a FTSE director has increased unexpectedly. For instance, between years 1990 and 2000, the remuneration of a FTSE chief executive went up by 13.6 percent annually from ?1 million to ?4.2 million. In year 2011, FTSE remuneration rose by 11 percent. The current average pay rise in the market is 1.7 percent. In 2012, there have been 24 similar incidents in total all over Europe compared to 2011 which had 25 cases. The legislation has been carefully following these protests, and the pending U.K legislation shows that by year 2012, pay plans will have to pass the majority vote or shareholders will have the authority to reject management’s remuneration proposal. New disclosure rules are also in the process of co ntemplated purposely to help the shareholders in making a decision. For example, in France the new socialist government is contemplating to impose pay limits on executives in companies which own a majority stake. The pay will be 20 times that of the lowest paid employee in the company thus leading to substantial pay cuts. Also, the contemplated Legislations will exert pressure on companies where the government owns share but not a controlling share. CEO’s of companies such as AstraZeneca, Aviva, trinity Mirror is some of directors who had been forced to resign over pay and performance related problems even before news broke. WPP Group During the 2012 annual general meeting, approximately 59 percent of the WPP investors voted against the company’s remuneration report and the CEOs pay package of ?6.8 million. In the previous year, over 40 percent of the shareholders had a ‘no’ vote on pay and this prompted the remuneration committee to reach out the sharehol der before the 2012 AGM. After the shareholders vote the chairman of the group said, â€Å"

Business Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Report - Essay Example Industry analysis: background information Lucraspace.com is an online social site created out of the possibility of designing an online community for that could In essence pull a great online following that forms a massive pool for business advertising. Online social marketing in essence grew out of the need by business organizations to reduce operational costs associated with running any business while ensuring that maximum returns accrue to the business. While agreeing with Whiting, it is generally agreeable that online social marketing is no longer age restricted and therefore associated with all age sets in the 21st century. Daily, every social networking organization tries to make a huge following with different interests. Within these varied usage of social networking sites, different people relate social sites with different meanings and implications. From a business perspective, social networking site refers to a huge potential consumer group with homogenous product or servic e needs that gives the company a good avenue for advertising their products, within this definition, online marketers sees online social networking as a new consumer market. Equally, social networking site is composed of â€Å"individuals or organizations that are connected through various social contacts ranging from casual acquaintances to family members. (Dickerson, 2006) Dickerson, 2006 further attest that online social sites created â€Å"to encourage connections and communication to occur on a wide variety levels.† Popular online social sites include; MySpace, Facebook, Hi5, Xanga, and Friendster, which allows users an opportunity to create a user profile, connect with other online friends. User information and behaviors gathered used by marketing companies to determine the market niche and therefore be able to advertise their products on these sites. Revenue from online social site advertising often follows Uniform Resource Locator (URL) strategy that arbitrarily loca tes any file available in the internet. The figure below depicts the aggregated social network segment that lucraspace.com exploited as an alternative investment strategy for new venture creation. Marketing niche Lucraspace.com driven by the many opportunities that exist around social networking sites and a new need to develop revenues around social websites, as such advertising remained the main source of revenue for these sites in 2007. Within this new reality, online sites aimed at generating revenue from sites given their potentiality to reach millions of audiences and potential customers. Marketing estimates in 2006 indicated that markets and business companies paid $350million on advertising on social sites and further estimated that the figure could be higher with technological advances and internet access across many populations globally. The reported business success for these online social sites in their advertising strategy and their low operational costs associated with website design influenced many organizations to prefer these sites as advertising medium. (Cashmore, 2006; Venture Capital, 2007) Service/product information Lucraspace.com is an

Job Analysis; Descriptions and Specifications Case Study

Job Analysis; Descriptions and Specifications - Case Study Example Job analysis can be conducted using qualitative tools such as interviews with existing clients or quantitative tools such as surveys or comparison to similar job roles in the competitive job market at other companies. Once parameters of the skills and knowledge needed to perform a job have been identified, it becomes easier for HR professionals to determine new pay categories that are competitive or directly in-line with job role function. New performance appraisals can also be developed to help human resources track performance of the employee in this job to determine whether goals are being met based on research findings. The entire process can be research intensive, however it helps leadership understand each job role and have a form of documentation available that helps the business identify with strengths or weaknesses of the job or how to better allocate resources if redundancies between job roles are identified. After conducting research, the skills, knowledge and abilities needed to successfully perform the job are documented. This could include educational credentials or the mental and physical needs of the job, depending on the environment and the complexity of the role. For example, research might indicate that typing speed of at least 60 words per minute is required to manage multi-tasking activities in the job, therefore the new job description will indicate that interviewers should be looking for people with high manual dexterity and speed. Either through observation, interviews or other measurement tools, the description is designed to best fit what has been discovered about the skills needed to accomplish the job tasks successfully. Pay grades are then determined based on what has been identified related to skills and the job role. Job analysis would also determine whether performance goals are being met properly based on research

Global marketing and communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global marketing and communication - Assignment Example So, it can be said that globalization complements the standardization of company’s products in various markets around the world, and as a result plays a major role in the influencing and changing the consumer behavior of the masses in various markets around the world. There are some widely popular examples that can be quoted to demonstrate the globalization strategy of companies when they focused on treating the world as a single entity. It has to be noted that different category of products like beverage drinks, electronic goods, music products, clothing accessories implement the strategy related to globalization. The popular sports brand Adidas implements the strategy of globalization for the purpose of communicating value to its customers around the world (Pride and Ferrell, 2010, p. 194). Another company that increasingly categorizes the world as a single entity for the purpose of marketing its standardized products is the globally reputed beverage brand Coke which caters to consumers around the globe, with its widely popular product range which are homogeneous in all markets around the world (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2007, p. 313). Various companies that have the clothing based product offering like that of Levi Jeans etc, also focus on standardization of its products while offering it to consumers in various markets around the world. Localization Localization happens when companies of a particular country focus on the process of going for market development by entering in to new markets in the country (Hines, 2000, p. 27). Talking in these regards, it can be said that the companies while focusing on the designing of... As a matter of fact, it can be said that there is a great demand for various new as well as existing products and services in the marketplace. In an attempt to cater for this demand, various companies around the world are focusing on fulfilling this demand by entering into new markets or catering existing markets by offering new values based products and services. This paper discusses in details the multiple processes that companies implement for the process of value generation for a wide range of customers while maintaining their levels of profitability. Conclusion As of today’s date in an attempt to survive the cut throat competition in the marketplace, the companies around the world firmly believe, that the process of entering into new markets through the carefully designed strategic moves related to product development, market development, product penetration and diversification will help them achieve significant amount of business growth in the upcoming future. So, the companies are looking forward to implement the various methodologies like globalization, localization as well as glocalization. On a concluding note, it has to be stated that in this particular assignment, the global brand Apple is taken because of the brand’s significant amount of presence in various markets around the world. The other important factors behind the selection of this particular global brand are the process of high brand equity as well as high consumer demand around the world.

Job Analysis; Descriptions and Specifications Case Study

Job Analysis; Descriptions and Specifications - Case Study Example Job analysis can be conducted using qualitative tools such as interviews with existing clients or quantitative tools such as surveys or comparison to similar job roles in the competitive job market at other companies. Once parameters of the skills and knowledge needed to perform a job have been identified, it becomes easier for HR professionals to determine new pay categories that are competitive or directly in-line with job role function. New performance appraisals can also be developed to help human resources track performance of the employee in this job to determine whether goals are being met based on research findings. The entire process can be research intensive, however it helps leadership understand each job role and have a form of documentation available that helps the business identify with strengths or weaknesses of the job or how to better allocate resources if redundancies between job roles are identified. After conducting research, the skills, knowledge and abilities needed to successfully perform the job are documented. This could include educational credentials or the mental and physical needs of the job, depending on the environment and the complexity of the role. For example, research might indicate that typing speed of at least 60 words per minute is required to manage multi-tasking activities in the job, therefore the new job description will indicate that interviewers should be looking for people with high manual dexterity and speed. Either through observation, interviews or other measurement tools, the description is designed to best fit what has been discovered about the skills needed to accomplish the job tasks successfully. Pay grades are then determined based on what has been identified related to skills and the job role. Job analysis would also determine whether performance goals are being met properly based on research

The effect of nitric oxide and cGMP on follecogenises Essay

The effect of nitric oxide and cGMP on follecogenises - Essay Example to female disorders, 20% of male origin, 27% resulting from abnormalities in both man and woman, while 15% of the cases could not be attributed to either partner (de Kretser, 1997). According to Evers (2002), five types of disorders leading to infertility have been recognised. They are summarised in Table 1. Ovulation disturbances are a common cause of subfertility in women (Snick et al., 1997). Ovulation problems due to disturbances in reproductive hormones present themselves as irregular or absent menstrual periods viz., oligomenorrhoea or amenorrhoea (Hamilton-Fairley and Taylor, 2003). Hormonal balance governing the ovarian cycle is a critical factor in female fertility. Several factors including stressful lifestyles, extremes in body weight, diet, certain hormonal diseases (e.g., pituitary gland tumours) and endocrine disrupting chemicals, such as PCBs and some pesticides can impact a womans hormonal balance and, thereby, the ovulatory pattern (Farr et al., 2004). Age is another important factor that influences female fertility (Maheshwari et al., 2008) which starts to decline around the mean age of 37.5 years (Hourvitz, 2009). Fecundity of a woman declines with age because of the loss of follicles from the ovary. Advancing age could lead to infertility in a woman on account of poo r oocyte quality related to a higher number of chromosomal aberrations and cytoplasmic malformations in the oocytes (Laufer et al., 2004). Furthermore, advancing maternal age could adversely influence the capacity of the oocyte to sustain early embryo development vis-a-vis biochemical and molecular processes promoting fertilisation, embryo formation and successful development to term (Gilchrist et al., 2008); Male infertility resulting in the reduced ability of the female partner to become pregnant is usually on account of low sperm counts, obstructive azoospermia or primary spermatogenic failure including reduced motility and/or abnormal morphology of sperm (Snick et al., 1997);

Assignment Questions and Answers Essay Example for Free

Assignment Questions and Answers Essay b) Explain the importance of the mission statement, the vision and the goal of an organization A mission statement defines what an organization is, why it exists, its reason for being. It helps guide the actions of the organization, spell out its overall goal, provide a path, and guide decision-making. A vision statement is a description of a companys values and its long-term goals. It helps an organization prepare for the future. A goal is an observable and measurable end result having one or more objectives to be achieved within a more or less fixed timeframe. It helps motivate members by clarifying and communicating what the organization is striving to achieve. Both the mission and vision statement help the organization focus on what is really important. Although the organization knows what it is trying to do to improve your community, its easy to lose sight of this when dealing with the day-to-day hassles that plague all organizations. The mission and vision statements help members remember what is important as they go about doing your daily work. The mission and vision statements also let other individuals and organizations have a snapshot view of whom the organization is and what it wants to do. When the vision and mission statements are easily visible (for example, if they are on the letterhead of your stationary), people can learn about your organization without having to work hard for the information. c) Discuss why an organization would carry out an environmental analysis, GAP analysis and SWOT analysis An Environmental Analysis evaluates internal and external factors affecting an organizations performance, especially its marketing effort. Internal factors are referred to as the strengths and weaknesses of the organization. External factors are opportunities and threats presented by forces outside of the company. In general, this information is used by strategic planners in forecasting trends a year or more in advance. This method is distinct from surveillance, which focuses on a specific area or time. A common synonym for environmental analysis is SWOT analysis, an acronym for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Another equivalent term is environmental scanning, referring to the ongoing nature of evaluating trends. In this type of analysis, internal strengths may include a stable workforce, proprietary systems and methods, and other factors. Internal weaknesses may include labor-union problems, obsolete equipment, or aging facilities. External opportunities can include new-market creation, beneficial alliances, and positive trade agreements. External threats may be comprised in part of negative governmental regulations, international conflict, or natural disasters. Using environmental analysis, an organization can evaluate the operating environment and establish organizational goals. They determine whether or not the goals are obtainable with existing strategies. GAP Analysis is the process through which a company compares its actual performance to its expected performance to determine whether it is meeting expectations and using its resources effectively. Gap analysis seeks to answer the questions where are we? (current state) and where do we want to be? (target state). Conducting a gap analysis can help a organization re-examine its goals to determine whether it is on the right path to be able to accomplish them. An organization will list the factors that define its current state, outline the factors that are required to reach the target state, and then determine how to fill the gaps between the two states. QUESTION 3 Discuss the main factors that should be considered to effectively implement the organizations strategic plan Implementation effectiveness can be measured by how well the business meets the financial projections set out in the strategic plan. To achieve effective implementation, a business must ensure that any changes initiated by the strategic plan are reflected in areas such as budgeting, reward schemes and information systems. The overall goal is to integrate the results of strategic planning with daily, weekly and monthly routines. The goals articulated in the strategic plan should drive marketing and sales efforts, human resources practices and research and development. These goals become a central part of the business by guiding daily operational activities.

Cipla Pharmaceutical Company Business Model

Cipla Pharmaceutical Company Business Model INTRODUCTION This is an essay to identify CIPLA a generic Pharmaceutical companys business model and to explain the reasons why the company has to change its existing business model. This is done by first identifying the term business model and then using the definition to explain the business model adopted by the company, also determining the inherent changes in world policies and economic environment that prompt the change of the present business model. The second part of the essay addresses the issue of the conflict between the big ethical pharmaceutical companies and the relatively smaller generic pharmaceutical companies business models. This is addressed by highlighting the big pharmaceutical companies business model and comparing the two models (which will reveal the nature of their competitive relationship) thereby identifying if there seems to be a convergence in their models and they are both becoming competitors in the same market or companies producing the same products but competing in different markets or companies where a symbiotic relationship has become inevitable for their survival in this present economic situation. Conceptualization of a Business Model. A definition of a business model is required to highlight the context to which CIPLAs (a generic pharmaceutical company) business model can be identified. Chesbrough and Rosenbloom (2002) describe a business model to be a concept where technology and potentials are changed into economic output through the market and customers, comparatively, Rayport and Jaworski (2001 cited in Wimmer 2004) defined a business model as the four choices of (1) a value proposition or a value cluster for targeted customers (2) a market space offering which could be products, services, information or all three (3) a unique dependable resource system and (4) a financial model. However Shafer, Smith et al (2005) suggests that a representation of a firms underlying core logic and strategic choices for creating and capturing value (p.202); is a design or creation, not an accident; what structures are in place to ensure firms capture value. Also Brink Holmà ©n (2009, p.109 cited in Lambert n. d.) explains tha t The business model concerns how a firm creates value, the internal source of the firms advantage and how the firm will capture value. Factually no sole definition can adequately cover all aspects of the term business model; however a combination of all the stated business model definitions will give a better explanation for the Generic pharmaceutical company business model. Firstly the focus will be on the definition of this model since most generic companies including CIPLA initially followed this business model before the need for change in 2005. The focus on India is also due to the fact that CIPLA originated from that country. The Basic Business Model of Generic Pharmaceutical Companies. The Generic Pharmaceutical Company (GPC) business model in India is characterised by the production and selling of copy cat pharmaceutical drugs discovered and developed by the Big Ethical Pharmaceutical Companies (BEPC) such as GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), this was achieve through the reverse engineering of the drugs invented by the BEPC and sold at lower costs. This was made possible in India due to the availability of cheap labour in the country and the favourable environment encouraged by the Indian government at the time, which allowed low restriction on process patents, limited multinational companies having equity share in pharmaceutical companies in India and imposed price ceilings on some bulk and formulation drugs. (Greene 2007) Financial evaluation of CIPLAs business model Using the Profit and loss account for 2000-2010, sales turnover steadily increases from 2000-2004 but in 2005 there is a decline of about 10% which can be attributed to the implementation of the WTO law that affected the number of drugs available for replication. This also affected the earnings per share which dropped from about 51 to about 13 in 2005. Investment and debt also showed a steep decline of over 100% from 2004 2005; this corresponds to the change in business environment which can infer a reduction of debt incurred for drug production. However the excise duty showed steady increase from 2000-2005 indicating company focus on domestic market but in 2006 there is a steady decline in excise duties paid and this can be as a result of increased exportation of drugs following a change in business model. Change in CIPLAs Business Model The era of this type of business model however draws to an end as various changes in the economic situation and world policy will threaten the very successful model in which the generics pharmaceutical companies in India have been thriving. In 2005 Indian government changed its law concerning patent drugs and fell in line with World Trade Organization (WTO) Trade Related Intellectual Property Agreement (TRIPs) this limited the production of certain drugs that was filed as a patent from January 1, 1995(Greene 2007). Another important point is that the rate at which ethical pharmaceutical companies come up with new blockbuster drugs is declining, as the well known procedure for creating chemicals to treat ailments is not as productive as in times past (Martinez and Goldstein 2007). With a shift of investment from Research and development (RD) to marketing this trend will continue in the nearest future. This can be as a result of the immense cost to deliver a new drug to the market; costs can range from 802million 1billion over a period of 10-15 years (Mogalian, Myrdal 2004). Yusuf Hamied (CEO of CIPLA) stated in an interview that it was his belief that since the implementation of the law in 2005 their businesses where at risk of being taken over by multinational drug companies. Most generic companies in India adapted to this setback in their business model by transferring focus from domestic market in India and increase export of copy cat drugs to Western Europe and the United States, also entering into RD agreements, mergers and acquisitions of foreign drug companies and developing alliances with foreign pharmaceutical firms. CIPLA however chose a slightly different approach than most generic pharmaceutical companies in India by focusing on organic growth in India and only seldom indulging in strategic business alliances, technological services (such as knowhow transfer, plant supply etc) and in licensing with big pharmaceuticals. CIPLA however increased the exportation of generic drugs to countries like United States and Western Europe. Some points in CIPLAs corporate presentation in August 2009 highlight the companys focus: Business model based on international strategic alliances- Business focuses on organic growth and leads to reduced capital commitment and regulatory/litigation risks. RD targeted at ensuring efficient utilization of resources and focused at developing and launching niche products. The graph below shows a steady increase in the value of Indias pharmaceutical RD expenditure from 2001-2006 as a result of a shift in business model. Exhibit 1 Source: William Greene, US Trade Commission (2007) The emergence of Indias pharmaceutical industry and implications for the US generic drug market, US Office of Economics Working Paper 2007-05-A The graph above shows the increase in RD expenditure in the generics companies in India where they now focus on creating their own branded drugs. This approach was also used by CIPLA to better compete in the changing business environment. They boasted of new drugs like Imidara, Lopimune, Bifilin and many more (CIPLA seventieth annual report 2005-2006) Business models of Big Ethical Pharmaceutical Companies and rational for changes in the model. The big pharmaceutical company business model is the traditional pharmaceuticals company business model which comprises of large scale Research and Development departments which discover new drugs for diseases and the sale of those drugs to consumers .This is a rudimentary definition of their business model as it also entails many more components than those mentioned above for instance in recent times we see a shift of emphasis from the research and development to sales and marketing campaigns due to the competitive nature of the environment. Mogalinan and Myrdal (2004) describe the process of bringing out a new drug to entail the discovery of a new branded drug for which the company has to get approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) by handing in a new drug application containing a report on the drugs efficacy and safety. The document also highlights dosage, strength and dissolvability of the drug. Once approved the company sells the drug exclusively under the brand name for as long as it is under patent protection. However a new external threat has evolved apart from the usual competition of rival companies in the form of Generics pharmaceutical companies. These companies as mentioned in prior section of the essay have used the process of reverse engineering to create cheaper replicas of the drugs produced by these big pharmaceutical companies and selling the drugs at cheaper costs to consumers. This has been of great profit to the generics companies as they had to indulge in little or no cost consuming research for the development of new drugs in the first place and the availability of low cost of production was just an added advantage to their business model. Martinez and Goldstein (2007) noted however the treat of the generic pharmaceutical wont be a problem if the big pharmaceutical companies were creating new block buster drugs, but that is not the case. Exhibit 2: The decline in RD productivity Though the industry doubled its investment from 2002 till 2006 in RD it yielded 43% less than it had in five years during the 1990s of chemical-based drugs. There is a change in the business environment for generic companies in India however with the 2005 adherence to WTO laws. They generics companies are focused on RD to produce their own patent drugs and generic drugs have become more accepted in Western countries over the years, with the rising costs of healthcare these governments are looking to cut costs and are therefore encouraging the adoption generic drug prescriptions to patients. Another major factor affecting the big pharmaceutical companies is the problem of expired patents. Companies like Pfizer that had a blockbuster drug called Lipitor a cholesterol lowering drug will be coming off patent in 2010 and this will allow the generics companies to bring in a cheaper replica of the drug which will reduce the sales of the company drastically. Similarly Martinez and Goldstein (2007) explain that the expiration of patent will affect big pharmaceutical profits adversely, where a drug formally grossing 90% 95% profit under patent protection will fall in profit when its goes off patent and generic companies offer the drug at a reduced price (sometimes the cost of production). Furthermore drugs meant to be under patent protection for 20years will fail to get to the market before 10years have already elapsed. *Sales data is from IMS World Review (except for China and Poland) ** Patented/generic split is from ESPICOM. Generic defined as a drug whose patent has expired ***2001 values for China; 2000 values for Poland; 2003 values for Brazil reflects patented/unpatented (unpatented includes branded unpatented, generics, similar) Sources: IMS; ESPICOM; Factiva; EGA; Mckinsey team Analysis This development will result in the increased encroachment on the market share of the big pharmaceutical companies, though we can see from the chart that countries like China, Brazil, India and Poland have higher percentage of generic drug usage than US, Japan, Germany, France and UK the problem of the global recession may cause an increase in the use of the generic drugs in these countries as well since developed countries like UK are hoping to cut costs on public expenditure like healthcare costs. Definition of relationships Based on these new developments in the business environment of pharmaceuticals companies and my research I begin to recognize a trend where big pharmaceuticals and generics have increasingly instances of working together in order to thrive in the new environment. This aids me in my definition of in tension asked in the question, I identify this as the type of relationship generating between the big pharmaceutical and the generics companies and we can see that it if morphing from a completely competitive one to a more competitive-collaborative relationship, where we can even see a convergence in their business models in some cases. We see the return of big pharmaceutical companies to India after the 2005 law passed by the government protecting their drugs, so they can benefit from the availability of cheap labor and low cost of innovative talent, they are even cooperating with the generics companies for Research and Development, in licensing and use of their distribution lines to transport their drugs to underdeveloped countries formally catered to by mainly generics companies. Companies such as AstraZeneca, Bristol-Meyers and GlaxoSmithKline have announced their intention to outsource a portion of manufacturing to countries such as India ,Eastern Europe and China since they believe it is of the same quality and at a cheaper cost to them (Martinez and Goldstein 2007). However though we see them working together big ethical pharmaceuticals companies still have some strategies to compete with generics pharmaceutical companies. Some defensive strategies of the big pharmaceutical companies are to develop new generic subsidiaries of their organization so as to be able to better compete with generics companies. By having their own licensed generic companies, they are able to limit the rate at which generics encroach on their market share for drugs that are off patents, they accomplish this by allowing their licensed patents to release generic copies of their blockbuster drugs into the market just before they are off patent thereby gaining market share before the other generic companies release theirs. Novartis CEO Dr. Vasella foresees bountiful opportunities for quick growth in generics as a result of impressive performance of its generic unit Sandoz which accounted for 20% of its overall revenue and grew about three times as fast as its initial operati on (Martinez and Goldstein 2007). Competitive strategies of the big pharmaceutical companies include investment in biotechnology and diversification. Biotechnology is of great appeal because of the inability for generics companies to create copies of the drugs as of now. Diversification on the other hand will allow the company to expand the range of services it offers its customers and allow it to get alternative sources of income. CONCLUSION In conclusion we make-out CIPLA business model to be the production of copycat drugs by reverse engineering of branded drugs and the sale of the generic drugs at cheaper prices to the Indian economy and any other country where the big pharmaceutical drugs do not have patent rights, however a change in the business model became inevitable in 2005 because of the Indian government adoption of WTO laws and caused a shift of the business model of CIPLA to focus more on RD for the production of its own Branded drugs and strategic alliances which entail cooperation with Big Ethical pharmaceutical companies through in-licensing and know how transfer. Another point to note is the change in relationship between the generic company and the big pharmaceutical where we see a competitive symbiotic relationship brewing, with increased dealings between the two types of firms where big pharmaceutical companies benefit from the cheaper cost of production and access to generic companies distribution pi pelines and generics gain from the in licensing agreements where they share profits with the bug pharmaceutical companies. However big pharmaceutical companies still maintain development of competitive strategies to combat the generic companies by creation of their own generic companies and increased investment in both diversification and biotechnology. Biblography Brink, J., Holmà ©n, M. (2009). Capabilities and radical changes of the business models of new bioscience firms: Changing Business Models of New Bioscience Firm., 18(2), 109-120. Chesbrough, H., Rosebloom R.S. (2002). The role of the business model in capturing value from innovation: evidence from XEROX Corporations technology spinoff companies. Boston Massachusetts. Harvard Business School. CIPLA Corporate presentation August 2009 Lambert, S.(n. d.) Business Models available from http://www.audiencedialogue.net/documents/Businessmodels_Lambert_000.pdf (accessed 15 December 2010) Martinez, B., Goldstein, J. (2007) Big Pharma Faces Grim Prognosis Industry Fails to Find New Drugs to Replace Wonders like Lipitor Mogalian, E., Myrdal, P. (2004) Whats the difference between brand-name and generic prescription drugs? USA.   The University of Arizonas College Rayport, J.F. , Jaworski, B.J. (2001). e-commerce. New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin. Shafer, S.M. Smith, J.H. Linder, J.C. (2005) The power of business models. In: business horizons. 48(3), 199-207 William, G. (2007) The Emergence of Indias Pharmaceutical Industry and Implications for the U.S. Generic Drug Market .U.S. international trade commission 05-A, 1-36. Wimmer, M.A. (2004) Knowledge management in electronic governance. 5th ed. IFIP International Working Congress. (2009) CIPLA Pharmaceuticals Yusuf Hamied: I Am Not Against Patents I Am against Monopolies. India [emailprotected], May 07 available from http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/india/article.cfm?articleid=4374 (accessed 10 December 2010)

Comparing Gothic Romanticism in The Fall of the House of Usher and Lige

Gothic Romanticism in The Fall of the House of Usher and Ligeia The Gothic style found in the majority of Edgar Allen Poe’s short stories is obvious to the average reader. The grotesque, the desolate, the horrible, the mysterious, the ghostly, and, ultimately, the intense fear are all the primary aspects of the stories which are emphasized. But few writers remain uninfluenced from their contemporaries and Poe is no exception. He is clearly a product of his time, which in terms of literature, is called the Romantic era. Poe combines these two threads in almost all of his stories. For this reason critics often call Poe’s style â€Å"Gothic Romanticism.† The two stories â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† and â€Å"Ligeia† are very similar to Poe’s other short stories, in that they to have this thread of Gothic Romanticism. The Gothic and Romantic themes can be analyzed separately in each of these two stories but together these themes drive the plot and the ultimate success of each. One common characteristic of Romanticism is the importance of the intuitive and emotional and the rejection of the rational and intellectual. Such is the case in â€Å"Usher.† Those who are skeptical of Poe’s Romantic influences would use this aspect of Romanticism to claim that he is not a Romantic because throughout the story the narrator attempts to explain the unexplainable with the rational. An example of this is when the narrator attributes an â€Å"iciness, a sinking, a sickening of the heart† merely to the â€Å"combination of very natural objects which have the power of thus affecting us† (Poe, â€Å"Usher†). This argument is week because the narrator fails miserably to provide solid rational explanations for these â€Å"strange† events and f... ...ic thread seek to further Poe’s overall goal of terror. Either they develop the character in such a way that would increase the gloomy, mysterious, and supernatural mood of the stories, establish the mood through the setting, or help to further this mood in some other way. The combination of the Romantic thread in these two stories is no different. Poe uses various aspects of Romanticism, such as obscurity and the emphasis of emotion and intuition to increase the terror felt by the reader. But perhaps, the most important aspect of Romanticism is one which is also common in the Gothic tradition is the emphasis on one effect. In the Gothic tradition this single effect is that of terror. â€Å"Ligeia† and â€Å"Usher† are no different in that Poe establishes this terror through the use of his own style of Gothic Romanticism. 2177 1 Marlow Engl. 12 Sect. 37 Comparing Gothic Romanticism in The Fall of the House of Usher and Lige Gothic Romanticism in The Fall of the House of Usher and Ligeia The Gothic style found in the majority of Edgar Allen Poe’s short stories is obvious to the average reader. The grotesque, the desolate, the horrible, the mysterious, the ghostly, and, ultimately, the intense fear are all the primary aspects of the stories which are emphasized. But few writers remain uninfluenced from their contemporaries and Poe is no exception. He is clearly a product of his time, which in terms of literature, is called the Romantic era. Poe combines these two threads in almost all of his stories. For this reason critics often call Poe’s style â€Å"Gothic Romanticism.† The two stories â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† and â€Å"Ligeia† are very similar to Poe’s other short stories, in that they to have this thread of Gothic Romanticism. The Gothic and Romantic themes can be analyzed separately in each of these two stories but together these themes drive the plot and the ultimate success of each. One common characteristic of Romanticism is the importance of the intuitive and emotional and the rejection of the rational and intellectual. Such is the case in â€Å"Usher.† Those who are skeptical of Poe’s Romantic influences would use this aspect of Romanticism to claim that he is not a Romantic because throughout the story the narrator attempts to explain the unexplainable with the rational. An example of this is when the narrator attributes an â€Å"iciness, a sinking, a sickening of the heart† merely to the â€Å"combination of very natural objects which have the power of thus affecting us† (Poe, â€Å"Usher†). This argument is week because the narrator fails miserably to provide solid rational explanations for these â€Å"strange† events and f... ...ic thread seek to further Poe’s overall goal of terror. Either they develop the character in such a way that would increase the gloomy, mysterious, and supernatural mood of the stories, establish the mood through the setting, or help to further this mood in some other way. The combination of the Romantic thread in these two stories is no different. Poe uses various aspects of Romanticism, such as obscurity and the emphasis of emotion and intuition to increase the terror felt by the reader. But perhaps, the most important aspect of Romanticism is one which is also common in the Gothic tradition is the emphasis on one effect. In the Gothic tradition this single effect is that of terror. â€Å"Ligeia† and â€Å"Usher† are no different in that Poe establishes this terror through the use of his own style of Gothic Romanticism. 2177 1 Marlow Engl. 12 Sect. 37

Problem Formulation and Identification Process Essay

â€Å"It doesn’t matter which side of the fence you get off on sometimes. What matters most is getting off. You cannot make progress without making decisions† (Jim Rohn). In the corporate world, leaders are faced with decisions that can make or break the organizations they represent. Several methods, consensus, brainstorming, systematic, and democratic are used in the decision making process. This paper will investigate the decision-making processes most prevalent in each team member’s organization, compare and contrast them, and will show the most favorable aspect of each style. Consensus The name of my company is Envicor. Envicor is a plastics molding company that manufactures anything that can be made of plastic. This author was recently hired as the national sales manager to oversee Envicor’s newest product line, sporting goods equipment. This author’s job is to promote the sale of portable pitching mounds to a broad range of customers. When it comes to decision making, Envicor uses the consensus method. Consensus is a process using group decision making. The input and ideas of all participants are gathered and synthesized to arrive at a final decision acceptable to all. Through consensus, the company is not only working to achieve better solutions, but also to promote the growth of community and trust. Consensus takes more time, as many resources are investigated before a decision is made. Team members become committed to the decision through consensus. The consensus method gives everyone experience with new processes of interaction and conflict resolution. For consensus to be a positive experience, the group should have 1) common values, 2) some skill in group process and conflict resolution, or a commitment to let these be facilitated,3) commitment and responsibility to the group by its members, and 4) sufficient time for everyone to participate in the process† (C.D.T. 2009). The goal of Envicor is to expand our product line to as many customers as possible. After making contact with a catalog company, a meeting is called  in order to discuss the pros and cons of including our product in the catalog. In the meetings, each person gets a chance to give his or her opinion. Once everyone has spoken, a decision is made. By using the consensus method, the group is able to come together and make a decision based on each person’s opinion. Advantages and disadvantages exist when using the consensus method of decision making.. Some examples are:Strengths:†¢Encourages cooperation instead of competition†¢Garners trust and confidence; everyone is involved in the final decision†¢Everyone agrees to the final decision no matter whether a majority, minority, or lone voiceWeaknesses†¢Lack of experience may lead to inefficient use of the method†¢Lack of control in meetings, conversation goes off topic†¢No â€Å"ownership† when decision is not correct or no consensus made (Notes on Consensus-Decision Making). Consensus seems to work well for smaller companies because it allows them to actually talk out their decisions and come together. Bigger companies might struggle with this type of decision making process because there might be too many employees and it could waste a lot of time. Brainstorming In the brainstorming model, all employees use free thinking to create ideas that will later be used as part of the project’s process. Brainstorming is useful because it allows all employees, some with extensive experience, to give their input. All members’ contributions allow them to â€Å"own† their role within the group and therefore, believe they have been a larger part of greater good. Like other decision making processes, brainstorming has advantages and disadvantages. One advantage is that all decisions are reached by consensus of the entire group. The larger the group is in a brainstorming session, the better the results will be. Everyone works from his or her strengths, weaknesses, experience, and education to find the best results for the project. Next, by making the decision a group project, everyone has a chance to  participate in the decision making process. They are able to voice their objections and give alternative suggestions. This open forum allows ideas to flow freely, and sound decisions are made quickly. A disadvantage of brainstorming is similar to one of its advantages. With more than two or three employees making a decision, the result can become a point of contention and a fight for power within the group. The more people involved in the process, the greater the propensity for debate, creating the possibility of a stalemate. Another disadvantage of brainstorming is something called group think. This occurs when one member of a group makes a statement, and the others follow along. Nothing is accomplished because only one person is making the decision with no alternate suggestions. An open dialogue does not exist; therefore, solutions to problems are not properly explored. SystematicThe systematic approach to decision-making is rational and analytical. (Concise Handbook of Management) This approach employs existing data, and the goal of the decision is the focus of the steps taken to put the decision together. This author’s organization uses the systematic approach for making most decisions. A strength of using the systematic approach is that information used to reach the final decision is based on factual data. The goal has been clearly identified; the objective(s) have been defined; the impact of not addressing the issue has been established. A weakness of systematic decision making, an example of which will be described in the following paragraphs, is that the decision can become stalled in the process. Additionally, regardless of how much research is done, if all principal stakeholders are not engaged in the process, a negative outcome is possible. Several years ago this author’s company developed a product that was designed to align with current imaging procedures. The equipment is a dual-head injector for use in CT scan. The purpose of the dual-head is to provide Radiologists with the capability of using not only contrast media for the CT exams, but also saline. Benefits of having the saline option developed as  the clinical team became more familiar with the system, but initially the service team was concerned about damage occurring to the injector head if a saline syringe was not used. At that time, without consulting other stakeholders, the service and engineering teams went to work on a solution that would prevent this issue.Several years later, as the clinical team was successfully promoting saline usage, the engineering department began shipping a cap for the saline side of the injector. Yes, the issue had been clearly identified, the objective for the project was defined, and the impact of not addressing the issue had been determined. However, because all stakeholders in the decision were not involved, and because the process took so long, the decision and resulting action became a very expensive mistake. Democratic In this participative form of the decision making process the superior(s) gives complete ownership of the decision to the subordinates (Sager 1999). The democratic decision making process allows for the employees (stakeholders) to have ownership of the decisions that are made. The majority vote wins, which can lead to fast and effective decisions concerning the stakeholders. In this decision making process the adage regarding having strength in numbers reigns true. A drawback to the democratic process can be that no one person takes responsibility for the decision if something goes wrong. It may be hard to pinpoint how the decision came to such a conclusion if it does not work out for the benefit for the stakeholders. In using the example of the Health Insurance Accountability and Portability Act (HIPPA) of 1996, a vote for change by a group of individuals affected by the way health records were handled was applauded, then when implemented, the act became more a hindrance than a solution to a problem. In the vast health systems used there was a need to implement a privacy feature to protect patients’ information, so the HIPPA regulations were signed into law in 1996. HIPPA was implemented by a democratic decision making process and became popular with health organizations such as Medicare and well known health insurance companies. Later HIPPA’s biggest fans became its biggest objectors because the law made it impossible for anyone to get  health information on the patient, including the parent(s) or guardians of minor children and the elderly, unless there was a form signed by the patient, the legal guardian, or POA. HIPPA soon became more frustrating than helpful, and the majority who voted for its implementation became the majority opposing it. So in implementing the democratic decision making process for the good of the people to whom the power is given, it must be made known that â€Å"with great power comes great responsibility (Uncle Ben, Spider Man Pt1). Contrast and ComparisonProblems and issues are generally inevitable when people are working together. Each individual decision making process can allow for better management of those situations for building a better organization. This does not mean there will be an absence of issues, but whether or not the team resolves the problem effectively. Each decision making process described above demonstrates to the reader the importance of adhering to a process that will work for each organization. The consensus method shows how the power of agreement can lead to a good decision. However, this method can be time consuming and teamwork plays a major role. Brainstorming will allow for creativity and open ideas, but can also cause conflicts and debates among the group members due to so many independent ideas being presented. In the systematic approach to decision making organization is critical. This process bases decisions on factual information. The systematic process can be costly if all members are not involved in the final decision. Democratic decisions are made based on majority input. The stakeholders are in total control of the decision making process. Speedy and effective decisions can be made; however, problems can occur because not everyone who can vote will vote. Then if a decision has a negative impact on the group it can be hard to identify the owner of the problem. The authors of this paper have investigated four types of decision making, consensus, brainstorming, systematic, and democratic. Advantages and disadvantages of each type have been presented, and finally, all were compared and contrasted with each other. References â€Å"Consensus Decision Making.† Aids Coalition to Unleash Power. Retrieved May 19, 2009. http://www.actupny.org/documents/CDdocuments/Consensus.html†Notes on Consensus-Decision Making.† Retrieved May 19, 2009. www.vernalproject.org/papers/process/ConsensNotes.pdfScott, Jonathan T. 2009, Concise Handbook of Management: A Practitioner’s ApproachChapter 17: Managerial Decision Making and Problem Solving, p131- 138retrieved 5/19/09 from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/ehost/pdf?vid=9&hid=106&sid=f7f74d3b-190b-4f87-ae2e-438809c65b35%40sessionmgr109McConnell, C. R. (2006). Umiker’s Management Skills for the New Health Care Supervisor. Ch 25 pp.337-345. Sager, K.L., & Gastil, J.,(1999). Reaching consensus on consensus Communication Quarterly. 47(1), 67-79.